The Visual And Performance Arts Of Europe - 1367 Words

Welcome, to my traveler’s guide to the performing and visual arts. In this guide, you will explore first hand, the visual and performance arts of Europe. First, we will look at performance arts of Europe which, date back to early 534 B.C. when Thespis won the first public contest for tragic poets in Greece. The term â€Å"thespian† derives from Thespis’s name. In addition, Thespis also introduced performance masks, which would soon become a staple of Greek and Roman Theater. Let’s fast forward quite a ways, to 1576, where the first commercial theater is opened in London, England, becoming the first Elizabeth playhouse in the world. Many performance pieces were performed here; including many plays from the famous William Shakespeare and, the†¦show more content†¦Each with varying price ranges, depending on your seats. For good quality seats, such as the â€Å"circle† section A, your ticket prices will be anywhere from $41.50 - $44.75, also depending on the dates of the show. I got the chance to go for the 10th anniversary, which was a spectacular performance. Visual art, has also been a prominent factor in European culture and society. Visual art began in Europe during Prehistoric times, somewhere around 30 to 20000 BCE, this art was located in a cave in Spain and is known as the â€Å"El Castillo Cave Art†, which is so far, the oldest known cave paintings in the world. Going further in time, European artwork is emboldened by many great painters and architects such as Leonardo DaVinci and Michelangelo; whom were famous for some of the greatest canvas and architectural paintings known in the world today. Most of these paintings from these artist, can be found in our next location, The Louvre, in Paris, France. The Louvre, was built in 1190, as a fortress to the Empire of France. The LeMusee du Louvre, is located along the banks of the Seine River, in Paris. The Louvre, was reconstructed after it’s time as a fortress, to serve as a royal palace. Its expansion continued over the years, covering a total area of now 652, 300 square feet, much more than its original square footage of less than 600,000. In 1793, after moving the royal residence to Versailles by King Louis XIV; The Louvre, became an art museum,Show MoreRelatedThe Baroque Era848 Words   |  4 PagesBaroque Era occurred from 1590 to 1725 AD in various parts of Europe. Its style was very different from its predecessor’s, the Renaissance, focus on antiquity. It was not until the Reformation that the Baroque style took its place in history as a momentous period. During the Reformation, people broke from the almighty Roman Catholic Church and created their own form of Christian faith, Protestantism. This Protestant move ment took Europe and other countries by storm who either disagreed with the teachingsRead MoreAnalysis Of John Cage s Song Books 1567 Words   |  7 PagesCage became a theology major in college. However, two years after he decided that going to Europe would be more beneficial for his future writings than studying at school was. He spent a couple years in Europe, studying various forms of art. In 1931 he came back to California, and started earning money by teaching private lessons on contemporary art. In 1933 began to focus on music rather than on visual art, and moved to New York, and later to California (UCLA), to study with Schoenberg. In Cage’sRead MorePostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1549 Words   |  7 Pages environmentalism and post humanism in a culture of active includes sexual minorities, and the ideas of feminism. Art of modernism and postmodernism is the realization of a universal picture of the world, reflecting the human consciousness of the twentieth century, the main feature of which is the new principle of the relation of being and consciousness. Modernism is the style of art and thought in the first half of the twentieth century. 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In an age when the images of women were expected to be associated with marriage, motherhood, and domestic matters, few Americans could have thought of a young woman from an upper-middle class family would pursue professional study of art in Europe in the late nineteenth century. Yet, praises and critics both fall on the young artist, Mary Cassatt (1844 - 1926). In this paper, I will show how two historians contrast about the their views of this feminine artist, as well as their methodologic alRead MoreArt Quiz 1 Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesArts Appreciation 1301 Chapter 1 Quiz 1. Chapter One opens by describing the work of artist Cai Guo-Qiang. Gunpowder is an unusual material to draw with and the sky is an unusual surface to draw on! What reasons does the artist give for using gunpowder as his drawing material? Cai Guo-Qiang wished to create beauty from something like gunpowder, which is originally considered a force of destruction. 2. On page 3, the author (Sayre p.3) states: â€Å"Appreciating art is never just a question of acceptingRead MoreMusic Is A Part Of My Life1637 Words   |  7 Pagesevery other form of art, music is universal and can be enjoyed by people from all different backgrounds. It gives people a chance to understand the world differently rather than simply sitting in class taking a test. Every single time I hear a new song my life changes and I fall in love again. Each student should have the opportunity to fall in love with the arts and change for the better. Although many people regard art education as a luxury, the creative activities found in art classes like musicRead MoreRoyals and Peasants in the Renaissance889 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Renaissance there is a clear difference between the royals and peasants. Courtesans were sent to schools where they learned steps and techniques to be used in performances as well as the behaviors to have during court. This is when set steps and positions first came about, although there was no written diction of these steps. The only way to know or see these steps today is through paintings and artist renditions of the courts events. There are a lot of geometric shapes seen during this

Chapter Of Alpha Omicron Pi - 1410 Words

Preface: For my subculture, I decided to do the Beta Zeta chapter of Alpha Omicron Pi, also known as AOII, because I became a sister in the fall of 2015. Although I have spent nearly two semesters with the sorority, I still have a lot to learn. Due to my lack of knowledge, there are many assumptions. My first assumption is about the leadership council of Beta Zeta. I presumed the girls in charge of the chapter were elected because of popularity. I also believe the leaders are running for the sake of their resumes. Another preconception I have is that sororities do not promote leadership. As far as â€Å"bigs† go, I considered them as a friend inside the sorority, not a leader, which is another assumption of mine. A â€Å"big† is an older sister in the sorority, who decides to become a mentor to a newer, younger sister. The younger sister is known as a â€Å"little,† and any question she has or guidance she needs is directed towards her â€Å"big.† I would like find the true meaning behind both being an officer on the Leader’s Council and a â€Å"big.† I look forward to what my research will find. INTRODUCTION: A series of observations, interviews, peer-reviewed articles, and surveys taken as field notes will be the primary sources to my research. The order of the paper will go from the history of AOII to discussing leadership inside AOII, to challenging the idea of â€Å"bigs† being considered a leadership position. To begin my research, I formed some critical guiding questions. My first was based offShow MoreRelatedEssay On Diversity In America846 Words   |  4 Pagesedu/about/quickfacts). There are more than 10,000 students affiliated with Greek Life with 66 social Greek Letter Organization, which is 34% of the total population (https://ofsl.sa.ua.edu/). There are 18 sororities on campus, and one is affiliated chapter on campus (https://ofsl.sa.ua.edu/councils/). To rush the sororities potential new members need least 12 or more credit hours at the university (https://ofsl.sa.ua.edu/greek-governing-councils/national-pan-hellenic-council/). Diversity is a topicRead MoreDiversity And Sororities At University Of Miami1026 Words   |  5 Pagesspring of first year (http://doso.studentaffairs.miami.edu/units/greek-life/councils-chapters/index.html). Results: Results The sororities studied in the research are Alpha Omicron Pi, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Kappa Alpha Theta, Kappa Delta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Phi Mu, Pi Beta Phi, and Zeta Phi Beta. All sororities had a video, and there was a total of 12 videos watched. Diversity Race/ethnicity- Alpha Delta Pi, had 29 women speak about their sorority and all 29 where white (https://www.youtubeRead MorePersonal Statement : My Mission1043 Words   |  5 Pageswill later use my compassion for children to make a difference in the future of society but for now I hope to leave a positive imprint on the campus of Georgia College as well as my sorority’s chapter. What have I gained from my chapter experience: During the first few months of joining Alpha Omicron Pi, I gained an immense amount of courage and motivation to continuously better myself. I learned to love myself and who I was becoming as a sister. In the more recent months, I have gained leadershipRead MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 Pageswith vendors resulting in $2.5 million in savings. †¢ Received highest possible performance rating (limited to top 20%) on every management review since joining GE. General Electric – Aviation: Operations Management Leadership Program (OMLP) GEnx Engine PI Program Engineer, Durham Engine Facility Durham, C †¢ Set-up lean workstations by preparing all work instructions, equipment, and quality documentation within ergonomic guidelines, budget, and schedule. Customer Service Manager, Services – Cincinnati

Nursing Education for Journal of Advanced Nursing - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNursing Education for Journal of Advanced Nursing. Answer: Introduction Education and training schedules are few important approaches through which, reinforcement of additional knowledge regarding a process can be provided to the graduate nurses or healthcare professionals. The training can be regarding the professional conduct or the processes that are applied on patients to improve their health condition (Fosnot, 2013). Therefore, Planning of a short educational activity with compliance to the established theory should be done in healthcare settings so that the target population can be taught regarding the process. In this assignment the peers in the clinical process will be educated about the knowledge of the fluid balance charts and management tricks (Moons De Backer, 2013). In this context, the goals of the educational plan, background and justification of the approach, the details of the activity and the visual resource will be incorporated in the assignment. The goal The goal of this educational planning for nursing professional will be making them competent to the fluid balance charts that are used in healthcare facilities to track the fluid intake of the patients. This education is important as due to advancement of machineries, everything has become digital however in adverse situation knowledge of these strategies are important for healthcare professionals. Therefore, the goal of this assignment will be utilizing the constructive learning theory of learning and determine the reinforcement of these learnings within the nursing students (Zamanzadeh et al., 2014). The target for the educator will be one week within which the nurses will be made competent regarding the process. Background of the approach The theory of constructivism is dependent on the relation between learner and the educator and the level of their discussion regarding the process determines the understanding or compliance to the process. According to Coulson et al., (2012), the theory of constructivism is completely dependent on the learner and the level of compliance of the learner to the process determines his or her understanding of the topic. Further, the duty of the educator is to provide solution to the learner regarding the issues that prevent them to achieve complete knowledge regarding the process. Apart from nursing discipline, other disciplines such as psychology, sociology and lower level education system is also based upon the theory of constructivism. As the concept is based on the experience of the learner and educator helps them, to understand the topic more deeply, this theory can be applied in many aspects of modern education system. Fosnot, (2013), provides a constructive example regarding the pr ocess according to which, it becomes easier to learn a concept if it comes with proper understanding with experience. Therefore, adults with proper experience regarding a process performs it without any mistake, whereas children are unable to learn processes until they include those in their habits. Rationale of using this theory The theory deals with prior knowledge of the learner and deals with authentic and real problems, this theory should be applied in the education of nursing professionals for teaching them the fluid balance chart and its management. While going through their courses, they are taught regarding fluid balance and its importance, hence, they have prior knowledge regarding the concept (Oermann Gaberman, 2016). Further, discussion with educator regarding the fluid management using balance sheets manually will help them to develop their knowledge regarding this important aspect of healthcare. Further, using the constructivism theory in the process, the curriculum also become constructive that helps to develop the professional aspect of healthcare professionals. Further according to Coulson et al., (2012), theory of constructivism helps to carry out constructive assessment, and calms the conflicts between ones cognitive ability and their social context. Furthermore, Hatlevik (2012) determines that using constructive theory, it will be easier to make the nurses learn the process properly as in healthcare settings these process is performed digitally, hence, they are unable to practice it manually. Therefore, these are the rationales of using constructivism theory in this education planning prospect. Activity details While using this education planning, power point presentations will be included regarding the fluid balance charts and its management approaches, as it will be easier for the nurses to understand the informations are being delivered to their end. They will be provided with 5 sessions, and one practical assessment section, within which they will be asked to understand the process and ask for any assistance if they need. While making them learn about the fluid balance chart, each of the concepts such as dehydration, fluid balance recording, body weight urine output, and the ways to keep the accurate fluid balance charts will be taught with proper pictorial presentations (Chan, 2013). Further, basic concepts of fluid movement inside the human body, the level of maintenance of fluids inside the body and the formation of tissue fluids in the human body will be demonstrated. Further after that, they will be assessed using a questionnaire having 15 open and close ended questions regarding t he concepts of dehydration, fluid overload, assessment of fluid balance, clinical assessment related to it, the chemistry of blood with the level of fluid, and incorporation of all these data within the fluid management chart will be asked. Furthermore, after completion of this assessment process, the nursing professions will be assessed regarding their ability to answer all the questions and their in depth knowledge regarding the process (Coulson et al., 2012). Conclusion While concluding the assignment, it should be mentioned that fluid balance checklist is one of the processes which is being digitized nowadays. Therefore, the healthcare facilities are being lenient about teaching them regarding the process. Therefore, the plan of educating those nursing professionals regarding the process of fluid uptake and for that the theory of constructivism was chosen. Further the goal of the education plan was determined with a proper background information and rationale to the topic was provided in the assignment. Further the process was explained in detail through which, the goal of the education plan will be achieved. References Chan, Z. C. (2013). A systematic review of critical thinking in nursing education.Nurse Education Today,33(3), 236-240. Coulson, R. L., Jacobson, M. J., Feltovich, P. J., Spiro, R. J. (2012). Cognitive flexibility, constructivism, and hypertext: Random access instruction for advanced knowledge acquisition in ill-structured domains. InConstructivism in education(pp. 103-126). Routledge. Fosnot, C. T. (2013).Constructivism: Theory, perspectives, and practice. Teachers College Press. Hatlevik, I. K. R. (2012). The theory?practice relationship: reflective skills and theoretical knowledge as key factors in bridging the gap between theory and practice in initial nursing education.Journal of advanced nursing,68(4), 868-877. Moons, J., De Backer, C. (2013). The design and pilot evaluation of an interactive learning environment for introductory programming influenced by cognitive load theory and constructivism.Computers Education,60(1), 368-384. Oermann, M. H., Gaberson, K. B. (2016).Evaluation and testing in nursing education. Springer Publishing Company. Zamanzadeh, V., Valizadeh, L., Azimzadeh, R., Aminaie, N., Yousefzadeh, S. (2014). First and fourth-year student's perceptions about importance of nursing care behaviors: socialization toward caring.Journal of caring sciences,3(2), 93.

Racism and Anti

What People Thought to Have Defeated Long Before Despite the fact that the USA is ruled by the democratic principles and that humanism is nowadays the most respected and appropriate policy towards the racial minorities in the United States, saying that racism is finally over will definitely get some weird looks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racism and Anti-Semitism in the United States: The Issues Which Are Yet to Be Solved specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the one hand, over such long period of time that has passed since the African American people were officially recognized to have the same set of rights as the white population of the United States and since the Jewish Diaspora has become an integral part of the USA, one might have expected that both races would have already been accepted in the American culture, social and political life. On the other hand, the facts of harsh reality seem to have proven t hat the racial stereotypes of the African Americans and the Jewish people are still there. Sadly enough, in the present-day United States, both the Jews and the African Americans know for a fact that discrimination is still a threat for them and that they can encounter it not only in the city suburbs, but also in the broad light of the day in the middle of the city. When it comes to defining the factors which have predetermined further development of racial moods in the USA, the problem turns out much more complicated than it seemed. It is worth mentioning, however, that the United States are not the only place where racism has sprung to life after the years of bringing the democratic ideas into life. If considering all the states where racial issues still exist, one must mention such countries as Serbia, Ukraine, Iran, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco (Silverstein, 2012, 130). The above-mentioned does not justify the fact of racism in the USA on any account; however, it shows that the pr oblem has spread much further and, therefore, needs immediate actions to be taken. In addition, while in other countries, the fact of racism and anti-Semitism can be explained by considering the latter a result of xenophobia, in the U. S., where African Americans and Jews have been a great chunk of the population for quite long, the situation needs to be researched to find out the causes of racism and to eliminate them. Thesis statement: the racist issues are still there despite all the efforts Because of the lack of knowledge on the Jewish and African American culture and the existing prejudices concerning the above-mentioned ethnicities, as well as the cultivation of the culture of the white population, which nowadays tends to be the dominant one in the American society, the representatives of the latter displays obvious mistrust and exercises racial profiling towards Jews and African Americans, violating the rights of both ethnicities, encouraging racial discrimination and develo ping anti-Semitist and anti-African American attitudes in the modern United States.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Undertaken Attempts and the Current Score Though, after what has been achieved over 60ies, it seemed that all racial ideas were ripped to shards and that the African American people could exercise their rights in full in the American society, there are recent evidences which show that racism remains the problem of the XXI century just as it used to be in the XIX century. According to the recent evidence, some of the law enforcement groups in the USA â€Å"solely target Mexican restaurants, African Taxi Cab companies, and non-Judeo-Christian places of worship in their efforts to deal with undocumented workers† (Shattel Villalba, 2008, 542). While there is no obvious discrimination of the African American population which can be spotted by the state of ficials and, thus, punished in the appropriate way, the instances of implied racism, i.e., making the choice in favor of a white person for no obvious reason when there is a competition between a white American and an African American, as well as considering African Americans the ones to blame in case of a conflict between the latter and the dominating elements of the American society, etc., are still painfully regular. Speaking of the Jewish immigrants in the USA society, it is necessary to address the fact that, when the first immigrants came to the States, they received rather cold shoulder from the local residents. Even though it seems that an ample amount of time has passed since the rights of the Jewish have been acclaimed and fully restored, one must admit that in the America of the new millennium, the old concerns about anti-Semitism still remain in their places. While one must give credit to all the efforts which have been made to help the Jewish people acculturate and at t he same time to make the residents of the USA accept and respect the rights of the Jewish people, anti-Semitism remains a problem in the USA. Therefore, it must be admitted that the problem of anti-Semitism exists in the modern American society on par with the racial profiling which African American people encounter in the U. S. The arguments of the supporters of the discrimination attitudes are ridiculous and fail on all levels. However, the weird statements of racists do not end in claiming their rights to discriminate against ethnical minorities. To top it all, some people tend to hush the problem down, claiming that it actually does not exist. Hence, sadly enough, it cannot be denied that the racial discrimination still exists and even thrives in the USA of today.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Racism and Anti-Semitism in the United States: The Issues Which Are Yet to Be Solved specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e It is worth mentioning, however, that the racial issues and the anti-Semitic attitudes did not come out of nowhere – there have been a range of factors which have induced the enmity towards the given ethnic minorities. An Unexpected Discovery. Racism Has Ceased to Exist – Has It not? As it has been mentioned previously, a certain part of the American society tends to white-knight the governmental policies towards providing the ethnical minorities with their rights and freedoms by claiming that the problem of racial profiling is a way too far-fetched statement and that individual instances of a racial slur or conflict do not mean that there is a problem of racism or anti-Semitism. The absurd level which the arguments of anti-Semitism proponents hit can be defined by the fact that the latter accuse Semites of being intolerant towards the people with racial prejudice: Neo-conservative elites in the USA and Western Europe [†¦] define â€Å"Judeophobia† and â€Å"anti-Jewish anti-Semitism† as the hegemonic forms of racism in the West today in order to blame, in a perverse way, Arabs and Muslims and to hide the hegemonic forms of White racism which are now mostly â€Å"anti-Black racism† and â€Å"anti-Arab/Muslim anti-Semitism† (Grosfoguel, 2009, 96) It can be deduced, therefore, that the main argument of the people who defend anti-Semitic attitudes is that the Semitic population of the USA are being too harsh on their opponents. In other words, the Black people and the Jews who argue against their discrimination are intolerant of the racists’ intolerance. Moreover, the discrimination of African Americans is justified by the fact that now America has a Black President (Prickett, 2009), which is rather lame argument – as Grosfoguel (2009) explains, the given fact makes the people supporting racist ideas even more enraged and make them undertake even more racist actions. As for anti-Semitism, the basic argument is that the Holocaust actually never happened (Fischel, 2003, 226). As it has been mentioned, the statements above do not hold any water. If considering the recent events of racial discrimination towards African Americans and Jewish people, it becomes obvious that hushing down the problem will lead to even greater problems in future.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When There Is Still Some Room for Hope Despite decades of struggling for the rights of the African Americans, as well as years spent by the Jewish community in the United States to prove that their culture should be appreciated and that the stereotypes and prejudices concerning Jews and Jewish faith are completely wrong, it cannot be denied that racism and anti-Semitism are still on the agenda of the modern American society issues. It must be kept in mind that the existing laws and regulations concerning the rights of the ethnical minorities in the USA seem to leap through the cracks, the attitude of the Americans towards the above-mentioned cultures have not changed or made too little progress for the African Americans and the Jewish people to feel comfortable in the American environment. While it is important to address the changes which the American society has undergone and realize that the required freedoms and rights have been granted to each of the ethnicities in question, th ese rights are obviously often violated in the American society, which means that the racism and anti-Semitism are still in their place sand that it will probably take at least another decade to right the wrongs of the modern society. Despite the attempts which have been made to make the USA society more democratic and the fact that both Jewish people and African Americans have the same rights as the rest of the USA citizens have, the violation of these rights occurs on a daily basis, which means that there are a lot of changes to be made to people’s perception of African American and Jewish culture and people, as well as get rid of the stereotypes about the given ethnicities. Once appropriate measures are undertaken and the dominating part of the USA population becomes aware of the racial issues which are nowadays very recent in the United States, the world will be a better place. Hence, it can be concluded that the idea of a complete absence of racial discrimination or anti -Semitism in the American society is absurd. Though the current concern for the treatment of ethnic minorities in the United States is definitely a silver lining, it cannot be denied that the situation demands much more actions to be undertaken. Reference List Fischel, J. R. (2003). The new anti-Semitism. In R. Michael P. Rosen (Eds.),  Dictionary of anti-Semitism (pp. 225-234). Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press. Grosfoguel, R. (2009). Human rights and anti-Semitism after GAZA. Human  Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, 7(2), 89-102. Prickett, S. (2009). Is racism really over in America? Harvard Educational Review,  79(2), 267-268. Shattel, M. M., Villalba, J. (2008). Anti-immigration rhetoric in the USA: Veiled racism? Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29, 541-543. Silverstein, P. (2012). A new Morocco? Amazigh activism, political pluralism and anti–anti-Semitism. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 8(2), 129-140. This essay on Racism and Anti-Semitism in the United States: The Issues Which Are Yet to Be Solved was written and submitted by user Rosemary Wolfe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Periodic Table Essays - Chemistry, Nature, Periodic Table

Periodic Table Periodic Table First noticed by Greek people in about 400BC. They used the words element, and atom to describe the differences and smallest parts of matter. Those ideas lasted for 2000 years. Elements were Earth, Fire, Air, and Water that explained world stuff easily came and went. In the 1600s Boyle, an experimenter, influenced by Democritus, Gassendi, and Descartes lent important weight to the atomic theory of matter. In the 1700s Lavoisier divided the elements into four classes. John Dalton suggested that the mass of an atom is the important property. The chemical elements are composed of... indivisible particles of matter, called atoms... atoms of the same element are identical in all respects, particularly weight. n the 1800s Doereiner said that some elements had a relative atomic mass, and DeChancourtois made a table of elements to show the periodic reoccurrence of properties. In the 1860s Newland made a table of elements giving them a serial number in order of their atomic weighs starting with Hydrogen. Meyer and Mendeleyev made periodic tables independently. Meyer made it more periodicity of physical properties, and Mendeleyev made it more on the chemical properties. Mendeleyev published his periodic table & law in 1869. Periodic tables have always been related to how scientists thought about the shape and structure of the atom. Later, the table was reordered by Mosely according to atomic numbers(nuclear charge) instead of weight. Harry D. Hubbard, of the United States National Bureau of Standards, modernized Mendeleyevs periodic table. It got published in 1924. It was called the Periodic Chart of the Atoms. In the 1930s the heaviest elements were being put into the periodis table. The Alexander Arrangement of the Elements, a three-dimensional periodic chart designed and patented by Roy Alexander and introduced in 1994, retains the separate Lenthanide and Actinide series, but integrated them at the same time, made possible by using all three dimensions. The Periodic Table is an arrangement of the chemical elements. Its also an important reference for chemists and is the basis of chemical classification throughout the world. Bibliography Barlow, John Perry. The Elements Mar-Apr. 1995 Science Essays

Modern Chinese History†Chiang Kai-Shek

Modern Chinese History– Chiang Kai-Shek Free Online Research Papers The introduction of Chiang Kai-Shek. By the question above, Id like to discuss Chiang Kai-Shek. Why I choose him as todays topic? Because I thought Chiangs life, and people surrounding him were dramatic, and he was a key person of influencing todays relationship of China and Tai Wan. Lets see what he did in his life. Chiang Kai-Shek was born on October 31st, 1887 in the ZheJiang FengHua, and died on April 5th,1975 in TaiBei. He was the leader of Kuomintang (KMT), and hold the power of the KMT, government, and the armies. Chiangs father Chiang ZhaoCong inherited the ancestral legacy management salt shop. After Chiangs father died, he was bring up by his mother Wang CaiYu. When he was child, he entered the private school studied traditional textbooks. By the spring of 1906, he studied in Tokyo School for continuing his failure study in China. During the studying in Tokyo School, he knew Chen QiMei, Chen QiMei had the influnce on Chiang Kai-Shek for the anti-Qing government. He had stayed in Tokyo School until the end of that year. In 1907, he had entered the BaoDing Nation Army Intensive School and studied for artillery. In 1908 spring, he went to Tokyo military school. During the studying, Chen QiMei invited Chiang to participate alliance association for the anti-Qing revolutionary activity. Afte r the 1910 graduation, he entered the Japanese Army 13th division of 19th regiment as a military officer (but in the waiting list.). Joins in the democratic revolution, Get the trust of Sun Yat-Sen After the 1911 Revolution happened, Chiang Kai-Shek returned to ShangHai, he was taken the order of Chen QiMei to lead the vanguard of hundred people to HangZhou, to join the recover of the ZheJuang. To follow the step of Chen QiMei (fifth group regimental commanders) and the ShangHai armed forces second division Huang Fu (Division Commander) sworn of the brotherhood. In January 1912, he was dispatched by Chen QiMei, and ordered him to buy off a scoundrel to assassinate restoration society leader Tao ChengZhang. After the assassination, he escaped to Japan. In 1913 summer, the second revolution had broken out. He participated in the attachment of ShangHai ¡Ã‚ ¦s weapon manufacturing factories. After the matter defeated, he lived in seclusion ShangHai. In October joined the Chinese revolutionary party which was still under construction, and went to Japan in November. In July 1914, Sun Yat-Sen in Tokyo announced that Chinese revolutionary party had been established officially. At the same time, Chiang Kai-Shek was dispatched to ShangHai, and Harbin to assist Chen QiMei to be engaged in opposes of Yuan ShiKai ¡Ã‚ ¦s revolutionary activities. After the May of 1916, Chen QiMei was assassinated, Chiang Kai-Shek was dispatched by Sun Yat-Sen to go to ShanDong to be Chinese revolutionary army DongBei Army chief staff officers. After Yuan Shikai died, the Chinese revolutionary army was dismissed and Chiang occupied to ShangHai. In July 1917 Sun Yat-Sen went to the south and established Republic of China Military government. And in March 1918, Chiang Kai-Shek was appointed to GuangDong as director of headquarter operations section. And after year, he was appointed to GuangDong armed forces second crew commanders in FuJian. But the military officer always crowded out him, he often left his work to stagnate in ShangHai. And formed the partnership with Zhang JingJiang, Chen GuoFu, and Dai JiTao to do the exchange business. In June 1922, GuangDong Commander-in-Chief Che n JiongMing revolted, Sun Yat-Sen sought asylum in the YongFeng ship, Chiang went to GuangZhou to ascend the ship and waited for 40 days. That obtained Sun Yat-Sens trust. In October, Chiang was sent by Sun Yat-Sen to be the east road anti-revolt second armed force chief staff officer. In February 1923, he was appointed to be the supreme headquarter chief office of generalissimo government. In August, he received order to lead the Dr. Sun Yat-Sen delegation to go to Soviet to inspect the study military, politics and the party affairs. Manage the HuangPu Military Academy, Destroy the KMT-Chinese communist cooperation In January 1924, KMT had the first National People ¡Ã‚ ¦s Congress decided the establishment military academy to train revolutionary armies. Sun Yat-Sen appointed Chiang Kai-Shek as the principal of military academy and the headquarter chief officer of GuangDong army. But he started to doubt than Sun Yat-Sen alliance with Russia, CCP, and assisted the farmer those policies. As there was no support at that time, Chiang performed to carry out to a certain extent. He entrusted with heavy responsibility the trusted subordinate in the military academy for cultivating personal influence, and support the anti-CCP member to established the Sun Wen principle academic society. He also suppressed and attacked young serviceman association at the same time. He organized and lead the HuangPu military academy teachers and students to suppress the Guangzhou merchant militia rebellion in October 1924; In February 1925, made an expedition to the east punitive expedition Chen JiongMing; In June, supp ressed Yang XiWen, Liu ZhenHuan rebels ¡Ã‚ ¦ campaigns, the victories were outstanding, therefore he obtained the prestige. So he had promoted to ChaoXian damage control supervisor, GuangZhou garrison commander. In August 1925, HuamgPu military academy ¡Ã‚ ¦s two guidance groups arranged as the national revolutionary army, Chiang as the commander. After Liao ZhongKai was killed, he supported Wang JingWei to pursue Hu HanMin to go abroad. And soon had driven Commander-in-Chief Xu ChongZhi out to GuangZhou. After that, he incorporated GuangDong army partial divisions and brigades, a great leap became the most important character in KMT ¡Ã‚ ¦s military. In October, he commanded troops to the second expedition, and wiped out Chen JiongMing ¡Ã‚ ¦s rebellious army. In January 1926, KMT second session National People ¡Ã‚ ¦s Congress, he was elected as central executive, and central permanent committee member; In February, he held a concurrent post as the national revolutionary ar my inspector. After Sun Yat-Sen passed away, Chiang Kai-Shek suspected day by day of the three policies, and envy KMT left wing and the communist party member cooperate work together as colleagues, and apprehended Soviet Union consultants work. He made ZhongShan ship event in March 20, 1926, in May he proposed the party committee reorganized documents at the KMT-CCP second session plenary conference, the document had repelled the first army and the central party committee worker who were CCP member. He seized the opportunity to seize military committee president, the national Central Party Committee one after another has organized minister, serviceman minister, national revolutionary army commander-in-chief as well as important posts and so on national Central Party Committee Standing committee president. After July 1926, the Northern Expedition started, Chiang Kai-Shek led the general headquarters to go to the front direction combat. The national revolutionary army defeated BeiYang warlords Wu PeiFu, Sun ChuanFang under the workers and farmers supported, HuNan, HuBei, JianXi, FuJian that four provinces had recovered completely, and continued to go to HeNan, AnHui, ZheJiang. Chiang Kai-Shek sought for the dictatorship rule the ambition to inflate day by day. In December, national Central Party Committee Party committee and the national government move to WuHan from GuangZhou, but Chiang persisted must move the capital NanChang, intent controlled the government. In March 1927, the Kuomintang second session of Third Session had a series of enhanced the party power through Unification partys Leading Draft resolution, prevented personal dictatorship and the military despotic resolution, have cancelled President Chiangs central standing committee and serviceman minister the duty. Therefore , Chiang Kai-Shek destroyed three policies deliberately, tolerated and instigated the hoodlum in JiangXi, AnHui to make a series of anti events, in the Britain-America imperialism and under the JiangSu and ZheJiang provinces plutocrats support, started a coup in ShangHai, brutal slaughtered communist party member and revolutionary group, and Guangdong started respectively party purge, thus destroyed the first Kuomintang-Chinese communist cooperation. The establishment dictatorship rule, Suppresses inner and compromise the foreign On April 18, 1927 Chiang Kai-Shek set up the new national government in NanJing, confronted with WuHan National Government. In June, Chiang Kai-Shek and Feng YuXiang held a meeting in HsuChou, cbtained the cooperation of anti-CCP. Chiang Kai-Shek had contradicted with Wang JingWei, Li ZongRen and the struggle is isolated with no support, being compelled retire in August, and in October visited Japan to seek the support. After returning to homeland, abandoned the wife, married with Song MeiLing on December 1, and on with Song ZiWen, Kong XiangXi married, strengthen through them with USs relation. In January1928, took the responsibility again on commander-in-chief, in February managed the Kuomintang two sessions of Fourth Plenary Session, changed Sun Yat-Sens revolutionary policy comprehensively. He was lifted as central politics commission chairman and military committee president at the meeting. In April, with Feng YuXiang, Yan XiShan, Li ZongRen formed four group armies to enter wit h joint north forces, and had defeated warlords Zhang ZuoLin, finished BeiYang warlords rule. In October, he became national government president the concurrently commander in chief of the army, navy and airforce. The duty was reorganization national government, implemented to rule a nation as the party political tutelage. Chiang Kai-Shek must establish individual dictatorship rule the aspect, constructed by the disarmament and tried to discontinue Feng YuXiang, Yan XiShan, Li ZongRens armies, intensified with various military power faction, and caused internal conflict. Chaing-Wu war, Chaing-Feng war, Chaing-Yan-Feng war were continuously. Chiang Kai-Shek relies on the imperialism and the JiangSu-ZheJiang provinces big bourgeoisie support, has defeated each military power. He had also defeated Wang JingWei, Hu HanMin, Sun Ke, thus consolidated his own dictatorship rule. From December 1930 to September 1931, Chiang Kai-Shek assembled the massive armies, JiangXi, HuNan, HuBei, HeNan, AnHui and other revolutionary base Red Army started three military encirclement continuously, those defeated to an end. After exigency occurs, he carried out  ¡Ã‚ §not to resist ¡Ã‚ ¨, obstructed army and the people who resisted Japan to invade, caused northeast three provinces to perish rapidly. The Japanese invaders provoked  ¡Ã‚ §1  ¡P 28 ¡Ã‚ ¨ exigency in ShangHai at the beginning of 1932, 19th route armies rose spiritedly to resist, but Chiang Kai-Shek submitted in the Japanese imperialism pressure, signed the agreement  ¡Ã‚ §ShangHai Ceasefire agreement ¡Ã‚ ¨. The agreement made Japanese imperialism expansion to compromise repeatedly to North China and concession Japanese invaded. He also signed the humiliation  ¡Ã‚ §the Tang-Ku Agreement ¡Ã‚ ¨. He suppressed the patriotic soldiers and civilians protection, forced Feng YuXiang to cancel the Chahar people against Japan allied forces. Chiang Kai-Shek adopted stubbornly  ¡Ã‚ §domestic strength keeps away foreign aggression ¡Ã‚ ¨. In June 1932, he started the fourth military Red Army encirclement defeated, and carried on the fifth military encirclement in October 1933. After a year engaging in fierce battle, Red Army because of the strategic instruction mistake the unfavorable situation, they left JiangXi to embark the Long March. Chiang moved several thousand armies besieged the Red Army, and exterminated the revolutionary countries simultaneously. Chiang Kai-Shek strengthened the dictatorship rule vigorously, established by HuangPu member as backbone central bureau and bureau of investigation two types of spy, the spy ¡Ã‚ ¦s duty as destroying the communist party and the revolutionary organizations patriotic democracy activities, killed the Communist and the patriotic democratic personage, and coped with the anti-Chiang clique. Chiang Kai-Shek had a cultural suppression in Kuomintang areas, forbad the progressive books and periodicals, persecuted left-wing writers and cultural worker. He carried out the new life movement in the nation, stepd up to peoples ideology control. He also relies on the government privilege, with Song Ziwen, Kong Xiangxi, Chen Guofu, Chen Lifu together, the establishment and the development state capitalism economy, formed the bureaucratic capital gradually. They set up the Central Bank and the peasant bank, annexed Bank of China and the Communications Bank, had monopolized the national finance syste m. Following that was gradually develops to the industry and commerce and other civilian economic departments, held the national economic lifeline. In November 1935, Japanese imperialism instigated  ¡Ã‚ §North China autonomous ¡Ã‚ ¨, expanded unprecedented to Chinas aggression, the national crisis serious. Chinese Communist Party appealed to stop civil war of consistent to Japan, and opposed Japan anti-Chiang policy change to compel Chaing to oppose Japan. Under the national salvation opposed Japan impetus in the whole nation, Chiang Kai-Shek and Kuomintang decided adjusts its domestic policies, and came to a conclusion that must maintain the territorial sovereignty the integrity. He issued an order to adopt a series of enhancement national development, and improved the relationship of Soviet Union. He attempted with the Chinese Communist party to carry on the negotiations, but still persisted to suppress Red Army after the Long March. Zhang XueLiang and Yang HuCheng, who were a ppointed to suppress communist party members, were determined the association opposes Japan. In December 12, 1936, they mobilized a  ¡Ã‚ §soldier admonishment ¡Ã‚ ¨ and had detained Chiang Kai-Shek in Xian. Under Chinese communist party mediation, the Xian Incident is solved peace diligently, Chiang Kai-Shek involuntary stopped  ¡Ã‚ §suppress CCP members ¡Ã‚ ¨ policy. Implements the Kuomintang-Chinese communist cooperation, Persist eight years Sino-Japanese War After the Xian Incident, Chiang Kai-Shek was compelled ten years strife, implements the second cooperation with the communist party. After in 1937  ¡Ã‚ §7.7 ¡Ã‚ ¨ emergency, established the Kuomintang-Chinese communist cooperation of anti-Japan had nationality united, Chiang Kai-Shek had positively deployed and directed the Chinese armies to leave for North China and ShangHai, prevented the Japanese invading army. The patriotic soldiers killed the enemy courageously, crushed the Japanese imperialism to attempt to fight a battle based on quick decision and perished China ¡Ã‚ ¦s invading plan. Chiang Kai-Shek made some promises in the political democratization aspect, released the political offender, the revision reactionary rule, held the peoples political council and so on. The nation appeared a new atmosphere for a while. But Chiang Kai-Shek implemented the one-sided of war resistance and the pure military defense strategic tactic, and waited for international mediates to stop Japan to invade, thus cannot resist the superiority Japanese invading army. North China, southeast and the Central China territory fell into the enemy one after another. After WuHan defends, the Sino-Japanese War changed over to the strategic stalemate stage by the strategic defensive stage. Chiang Kai-Shek expressed continuous Sino-Japanese Wars determination, Wang JingWei was completely disappointed to the against Sino-Japanese War, the treason surrenders to the enemy. In January 1939, Chiang Kai-Shek was appointed national defense highest committee chairman. He was worried about to the Chinese communist party and the peoples armed forces in the Sino-Japanese War grew rapidly, so he implemented  ¡Ã‚ §resists communists, limits communists, anti communists ¡Ã‚ ¨. And made the friction of resistant communists unceasingly. After December 1941 the Pacific War eruption, Chiang Kai-Shek positively carried out the diplomatic activities with American, English Union, and as the Chinese war zone commander-in-chief. Obtained USs commodity and the financial assistance. He sent the Chinese expeditionary army to go to Burma with the British and American Allied armies combined military operation. America, England united China to resist Japan together, they promised abolish in the Chinese privilege which the treaty of equality stipulated, and had signed Chinese and American, Chinese and British  ¡Ã‚ §New Testament ¡Ã‚ ¨. In November 1943, Chiang Kai-Shek attended the Cairo conference, with American President Roosevelt, English Prime Minister Churchill discussed the date of combined military operation plan and the postwar peace condition. In June 1945, he sent Song ZiWen to go to Soviet Union to discuss, in August both countries ministers of foreign affairs have signed Chinese-Soviet friendship Treaty of allianc e and the related agreement. Comprehensive launch civil war, Dominant in Mainland China collapse After victory of Sino-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-Shek under the American imperialism support, sent out the army to seize victory, and incorporates massively the armed forces; At the same time, he carried on the discussion with Chinese communist Central Party Committee commission chairman Mao ZeDong in ChongQing signed  ¡Ã‚ §Talk summary ¡Ã‚ ¨. But he directed 800,000 soldiers to attack the liberated area immediately, and refused the political consultative conference achieved each resolution in January 1946, persisted stubbornly the dictatorship policy on  ¡Ã‚ §military and government order unified ¡Ã‚ ¨. In June 1946, he launched comprehensive civil war, attempted in to eliminate the communist party and the peoples armed forces outrageously three to six months. After encounters Peoples Liberation Army to counterattack firmly, the next year March will be compelled to change North ShanXi and the ShanDong liberated area focus attack. After suffers the defeat repeatedly, he changed the strategic defensive by the strategic offense. Finally, Chiang Kai-Shek was compelled to issue an order to contract the defense line, implemented the key defense. In November 1946,Chiang Kai-Shek convened in NanJing for the national conference, during the conference had drawn up  ¡Ã‚ §constitution ¡Ã‚ ¨, and declaration implementation constitutional government, reorganization government. In fact he still rules as a dictatorship by his Kuomintang ruling. After 1948 spring of constitution country election, he was appointed  ¡Ã‚ §President ¡Ã‚ ¨, and seized no constitution limit of emergency disposal authority, that caused his dictatorship rule to put on the legitimate coat. Regarding patriotic student anti-famine, anti-civil war, anti-persecution movement and struggle between workers and peasant, he issued an order to put in order, sent out the military police to suppress flagitious. In August 1948, he promulgated  ¡Ã‚ §Financial Economy Urgent Punishment ¡Ã‚ ¨, the release gold certificate replaced the legal tender, by a set time redeemed the money foreign currency, compelled the limit price, attempted to get rid of the currency mal ignancy to inflate, the skyrocketing prices difficult position. The result has accelerated the financial economy collapse, caused the seething popular discontent and the social disturbance. In January 1949, Chiang published the New Years Day to state the suggestion peace negotiations, but also proposed preserves  ¡Ã‚ §constitution ¡Ã‚ ¨,  ¡Ã‚ §legally constituted authority and armys condition. And Chinese communist party was veto. On January 21, Chiang was compelled to announce retirement, and returned to FengHua (his hometown), but still pulled strings behind the scenes the government and army power authority, destructed peace negotiations. On April 20, Kuomintang resisted on to sign  ¡Ã‚ §Agreement on internal peace ¡Ã‚ ¨. Peoples Liberation Army crossed Yangtze River to national march. The Peoples Republic of China proclaimed the founding in October 1 1949,Chiang Kai-Shek ended here in Mainland China dictatorship. In December 1949, Chiang Kai-Shek moved to Taiwan, fought with back to the wall in the isolated island. In March 1950, he replaced heavy responsibility  ¡Ã‚ §President ¡Ã‚ ¨, after that had repeatedly for four sessions, and was elected Kuomintang President continuously. He constructs Taiwan based on  ¡Ã‚ §Three Peoples Principles of Sun Yat-sen ¡Ã‚ ¨ summoned to connect his governance in Taiwan. And signed with US to defend treaty together. But he opposed Taiwan independent ¡Ã‚ ¨, international entrusted ¡Ã‚ ¨ and two Chinas, has maintained  ¡Ã‚ §one China ¡Ã‚ ¨ national standpoint. Chiang Kai-Shek died of illness in April 5, 1975 in TaiBei. His life had going up and down, but he never give up on the defense. Research Papers on Modern Chinese History Chiang Kai-ShekQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeDefinition of Export QuotasEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to Africa

Promoting Democracy in Cuba Annotated Bibliography

Promoting Democracy in Cuba - Annotated Bibliography Example The author points to limitations on both sides of the fence in terms of the absorptive capacity of the targeted country and the ability of the promoting country to provide appropriate support. He stresses the dangers that may result from over-selling democracy which may reduce a prospective country’s commitment to the process and refers to some of the problems that occur under perverse examples of democracy assistance and promotion. The author indicates that evaluating democracy assistance continues to be an extremely imprecise art which is affected by elements of doubt and offers assistance in terms of approaches to take in promoting democracy internationally. The following study looks at the future of democracy in Cuba and shows how active and direct democracy has worked against the Cuban communist regime. The author who is a lecturer at the University of Colorado indicates that the promotion of the democracy has led to changes in the political economic system in Cuba. The imposition of economic blockade by the United States government is both direct and active as the aim of this drastic measure is to place direct pressure on the Cuban government to change its political system. All countries depend on trade and the United States is a powerful trading partner with states such as Florida a stone throw away. The author also indicates that demise of socialist economic system in the Soviet Union has also had a devastating though indirect impact on Cuba because of the preferential trade agreements which the government of Cuba had with the Soviet bloc. This is indirect and passive because it is through the direct promotion of democracy in the Soviet Union that led to changes in the political economic system on Cuba. The fact that the Soviet Union no longer exists meant that the Cuban governm ent lost the support that allowed them to stave off some of the negative impact that the US economic blockade presented. Both of these have led

Thematic analysis on dante's inferno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thematic analysis on dante's inferno - Essay Example The poem illustrates that human wisdom is vain in the face of spirituality. The poem guides the audience through the circles of hell that contain people that would be otherwise virtuous according to the perception of human beings. Numerous individuals, who were virtuous atheists, appear in the Limbo section of hell. These virtuous individuals did not welcome the Jesus Christ’s spirituality into their lives. They had chosen to live in life by relying on their distinct wisdom. Without baptism, these individuals had lacked the insight and hope for an ideal that was beyond human comprehension. This castle has the wisest men who professed considerable intelligence while living on earth. For instance, the Castle includes Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato. In addition, it includes the poet, Virgil, and polymaths such as Avicenna. In spite of their wisdom and righteous lives, they still share the same fate, as other human beings, if they do not accept the divine life of Christ. The poem also illustrates the inevitability of God’s justice. God is notable as an entity that enacts its justice in a perfect sense such that every individual attains punishment according to the nature and amount of sin that one commits. For instance, while the wrathful eat the excrement of one another, the gluttonous fight among themselves. As Virgil and Dante enter the gates of Hell, there is the encryption â€Å"Abandon all hope, ye who enter here (Alighieri 24).† This denotes the inevitability of God’s punishment. In the end, individuals recive punishment for any amount of sin that one committed while living. It is essential to highlight of the special caste of the uncommitted individuals who still face regrettable punishment for their ambivalence in life. These people are neither in hell nor in heaven. In turn, Dante expresses the notion of divine punishment with respective moral messages by restructuring hell into different parts. In close relation to this concept , it is essential to highlight that poem illustrates the gradual human journey towards gaining righteousness. On the other hand, God is a merciful being who recognizes the inherent faults in the makeup of a human being. In addition, he recognizes the ambitions, such as lust, which compels human beings in sin. Before Dante begins his journey, he notes, â€Å"the fear in me subsided (Alighieri 17).† This statement comes after Dante had noted that he was in a dark forest that had triggered fear in him. In spite of his hopelessness, the light that shines in front of him grants hope. Dante appears as a sinful man who had resided in an earthly wisdom and love that blinds him into believing in his own willpower. God, however, is a merciful being who sends Virgil to guide trough a path of restoration. Dnate’s experience in hell should serve as a foundation for beginning a new life. The poem also entails the theme of God’s will on human lives. Inferno gives taxonomy of s in that the audience should explore and judge in independent parts. There is an underlying organizing principle that classifies human evil. For instance, the acceptance of bribe is manifested as worse than murder. It is critical to highlight that this organization follows the Christina’s doctrine. Fraud, thus, is a greater disrespect to God’s will than murder. According to the Biblical principle on love, fraud considerably flouts God’s expectation of how human beings should treat each other. It is discernible that

Progressivism, Bonus Army and the Civil Rights Movement Essay

Progressivism, Bonus Army and the Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example With its reform agenda, the progressivism movement was aimed at achieving efficiency in all areas of society as a response to changes made by modernization. It was determined to be aimed at addressing ideas, impulses, and major issues stemming from modernized changes in the American society. Its ideologies centered on democracy, proper municipal administration, elimination of governmental corruption, proper education for everyone, and many others. Under the theme of democracy, there was also instigation of the women suffrage movement and elimination of corruption by black voters (Roark et al. 234-235). In the municipal administration, there was creation of proper laws and legislation to govern cities as well as the creation of a bureaucratic administration system leading to the creation of a democratic municipal administration. To the progressives, corruption was a source of inefficiency and waste leading to formation of laws to curb it. The progressives also worked hard to improve a nd expand public and private education in America at all levels (Roark et al. 465). For a very long time now, America has been operating efficiently in several sectors of the economy as well as government as a result of this movement. The bonus army was a protest that was launched by the World War I veterans 1932 demanding payment of their bonuses after the congress had voted to give them these bonuses for their services in the war in 1924. However, even though they asked for these bonuses to be released to them in 1932, they were meant to be released in 1945 (McPherson 134). They marched into Washington D.C. to demand for immediate release of their bonuses. When the senate went to vote for the bill requiring the veterans to be paid their bonuses, it turned out that the outcome was not successful as the senate defeated the bill by 62 to 18 votes. This showed that the veterans were not going to be paid their bonuses. The veterans were dispatched by the state police where two of their members were shot dead and later the intervention of the army which led to most of them being seriously injured (O’Brien 78). In a nutshell, this protest did not yield any fruits for the propagators. On the other hand, looking into the American Civil Rights Movement, almost a similar situation comes out but with slight success realized. It was a movement that relied on biblical connotations to fight racial segregation. This was under the leadership of Martin Luther King Junior who was a black clergyman. This was a movement that was instigated after the slavery period had ended and sought to end the massive discriminatory practices that had been instigated against the black people for a very long time. Most of the propagators were jailed and some killed in the quest for a society that is deeply rooted in equality. As a result of these struggles, laws were enacted propagating equality for all Americans. However, this was only in theory but practically, many black Americans hav e suffered discrimination for a continued period of time (Roark et al. 562). In conclusion, the progressive movemen

Is Retailing Really Necessary In A Country Marketing Essay

Is Retailing Really Necessary In A Country Marketing Essay The retailer is considered to be the intermediate between the wholesaler or the producer and the customer. But at the same time, the benefits that had been allocated from the retailers are much more than delivering the products and the services to the customers, instead the retailer had provided several merits for all of the national and international organization, individuals, and governments. For the purpose of the full illustration of the role of the retailing in the serving of the country and the whole society, there would be a huge investigation about the main issues that had been dealt with and problems that had been solved by the presence of the retailing in the country. Based on the level of the importance of the retailing is considered to one of the industries that the country cannot get rid of it or lose. However, there may be no many direct clear relationship between the retailing process and the social benefits, there would be consider that from the point of the view of t he business, the loss of any kind of business, will naturally cause harmful effects to the economy of the country. Within the following, general academic verified studies and approved theories are going to be studied for the purpose of the identifying the degrees of the importance of the retailing in the country. Literature review Retailing is considered to be one of the ancient merchandising processes in the history (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). In the past the retailers role had been acted by the producers of the products and the services (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). According to the modern businesses structures, the retailer becomes so far from the production process, with no direct or indirect influence over the whole manufacturing process (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Despite of this fact the retailing had been considered to have a huge impact on not only the related institutions, but also the whole country (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). The evolution of the retailing role in the business markets, led to huge interests and advantages that had been enjoyed by the overall society in the terms of the economical and the social aspects (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). The retailing is considered to be one of the most important and attractive growing industries in the world (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). The retailing system is considered to be following certain specific universal stages (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). The first stage is the in sourcing of the retailing process from the producers, which means that the retailers will not have any contact with the customers anymore (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). The second stage is the agreement with the producer about the rules and the procedures that should be followed by the retailing organization in order not commit any lack of quality of the products (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). The third stage, the retailer will be offering the sale of the products and the services of the producers and the supplier presented as the retailer, who act on behalf of the producer (Jon H. Hanf Zsombor Pall, 2009). Indian Retail Revolution The demographic profile of an Indian consumer is worth noting. The Indian consumers have the ability to spend over USD 30,000 a year (PPP terms) on prominent consumptions which represents 2.8% of the entire population. (What represents 2.8% of the total population?) It seems like a small percentage but when we consider the mammoth Indian population of 1.07 billion people, this number amounts to 30 million people, a market next only to USA, Japan and China. Consumers are the king and they only drive the retail growth but it is in turn driven by following factors.( Increase in Urban Population- Economic growth- Demographics- Credit availability)( Dr. Vipul Jain 2010) One of the important faces of the retailing systems is the organized retailing system (IIlm, 2012). The organized retailing include the identification of well-chosen a pre-agreed actors in the retailing process, so there would not be any unexpected presence of middlemen, who turn the transactions to be less efficient and losing the ability to achieve its goals (IIlm, 2012). In addition, not only the actors are predetermined, but also the interaction system between tem is determined and agreed upon (IIlm, 2012). Throughout the following of such system, there would be assurance about the attainment of efficiency and effectiveness in the retailing process (IIlm, 2012). In addition, not only benefits are going to be allocated by the actors, but also the benefits will lead to a higher economic benefit that will enhance the interests of all of the society and the national future economy (IIlm, 2012). Several researches and studies supported the fact that the retailing has several disadvant ages mainly the idea of the presence of the retailers encouraged the raise of the prices of the good and the service of the market (IIlm, 2012). In the fact the evidence support the opposite results. Based on the studies and the researches the organized retailing processes can have a great positive impact on the economics of the country (IIlm, 2012). The review of literature has been broadly categorized into two headings, namely: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Overall Retail Scenario Hino (2010) shared his observation about the emergence and expansion of supermarkets that gradually decreased the market share of the traditional formats by displacing them and the factors that helped supermarkets in gaining consumers favors over the traditional stores are the consumers economic ability and the format output.( Goyal and Aggarwal 2009) opine that In India, a consuming class is emerging as a result of increasing income levels and dual career families with high disposable incomes The most appropriate retail formats for various items are: Food and grocery-Supermarket; Health and beauty care services-Supermarket; Clothing and Apparels- Mall; Entertainment-Mall; Watches-Hypermarket; Pharmaceuticals-Hypermarket; Mobile, accessories Services-Hypermarket; Foot wares-Departmental store. The study by(Satish and Raju 2010) throws light on the major Indian retailers which highly contribute to the retail sector in India. Pantaloon, Tata Group, RPG Group, Reliance Group and A V Bi rla group are some of the major Indian retailers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Drivers of Retailing (Arshad et al 2007 and Ghosh et al 2010) stated that 47% of Indias population is under the age of 20 and this will increase to 55% by 2015 and this young population will immensely contribute to the growth of the retail sector in the country. The changing retail structure has provided the consumers with more options in the form of formats and services such as less travel time, large variety of products and quality products etc, as observed by (Popkowski et al 2001).(Lather et al 2006) and (Gupta 2007) study uncovered six main indicators: viz., price, sales personnel, quality of merchandise, assortment of merchandise, advertising services and convenience services that play key role for retailers in choosing the type of retail formats that may help them to cope up with the changing references of consumers. Application on literature review The findings of the studies declared that the organized activates of the retailing operation led to the minimization of the presence of the middle man, in addition it enhancement of the formation of strong infrastructure (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Then merits of the retailing in the economics of the country led to decrease the prices for the clienteles, as well as, the enhancement of the development of the economy of the country and the quality of the life (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Some of the consequences of the organized retailing system are the enhancement of the efficiency of the value chain and the abolition of mediation actors, which led to high financial reimbursements (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). For instance some of the positive consequences of the organized retailing system are the elimination expenses to producers, healthier prices to consumers because of the greater reduction of the prices that the producers will perform to gain much dem and on the products (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). In addition, one of the most important merits is the formulation strong infrastructure that headed to improved loading and demonstration of goods, and the increasing of the consumers understanding and involvement in the process (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Another important success for the organized retailing was the Job formation across the whole process, which led to the enhancement of opportunities for many unemployed population (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). The most important part of the good consequences of the organized retailing system is the enlargement of the amount of money that are paid for taxes and gathered by the government (Michael Levy Barton A. Weitz, 2012). Organized Retailing will lead to affect the Traditional unorganized Retailers. Furthermore the Comparative Analysis regarding the acceptability of the mall concept and the impact of Shopping Malls on the general living standard of the society are being considered. There is increased sophistication in Customers shopping pattern which has led to emergence of big retail chains in metros, mini metros and towns now becoming the next target. There is a drastic change in the customers tastes and preferences leading to radical transformation in their lifestyle and the spending patterns thereby giving rise to new business opportunities. This generic growth, driven by changing lifestyle and strong increment in income is to be supported by the favorable demographic patterns But among the important benefits obtained by consumers is also the fact that these firms are likely to sell safer products. Food-borne illnesses and contamination are long-standing issues in India. Counterfeit drugs are alleged to account for 20-25 percent of total pharmaceutical sales in the country (Express India 2009) The Indian consumer and his behavioral response towards the development of organized retail can be attributed to the economic and soci al changes taking place in the country. The growing fragmentation of consumers into multiple segments with different values and buying priorities is the natural outcome. They have become more pragmatic, educated and demanding learning the time and money management. The Value for Money concept rather than simply low prices has become the order of the day. The study by ETIG (Economic Times Intelligence Group also confirm this. According to (Sen 2000), in case of Hypermarkets main motives of preference in decreasing order are low prices, possibility of buying everything at same place and general appearance formats (Chandrashekhar,2001) while other studies point out the relationship between the type of store and the type of Products(Sen,2000,Bhatnagar,2002).These studies indicate the utility of specialized and traditional stores for fresh products, while of the store. Other investigations emphasize the co-existence of several store (Sen,2000,Bhatnagar,2002). A significant advantage for organized retailers relates also to prices. The organized retailing corporations have the ability to seek out the lowest-costs suppliers around the world. This ability spurs opposition to multinational retailers, and feeds suspicions that firms like Wal-Mart, which have the reputation of destroying momand-pop stores in countries like the United States, will do the same in India (Swamy 2011). But India itself is one of the low-cost countries from which multinational firms buy products. Although mom-and-pop stores outside India have no easy access to these low-cost producers, unorganized retailers can buy from the same (or similar) sources, possibly through representative cooperatives like Bhartiya. According to the experiment of the organized retailing in India, there had been assurance that the system success led to the evolution of the industry ion India for more than thirty percent annually (IIlm, 2012). In addition, the governmental reports stated that the reports the share of the commerce had reached twenty percent out of the gross national product by the end of 2010 (IIlm, 2012). The gathered information assure that the organized retail industry are considered to be as developed as any other developed country, which ensure the efficiency and the effectiveness of the system to be used by the developing countries, and its is exclusive to the developed nations (IIlm, 2012). The researchers suggested an indication of the fact that India investments had been facing a rise of about twenty percent in the last years (IIlm, 2012). According to the National Readership Survey of 1999, 6.6% of the urban adults and 2% of the rural adults are estimated to be shop owners(IIlm, 2012). Summary The retailing process is considered to be one of the greatest events that can take place in the life if any country thats why it should be considered to have the potential for the achievement of the progress in any developed nation in short period throughout solving many of the economical problems that are facing the country and the industries of retailing. The perceived evidence showed the huge impact that can be led by the organized retailing system on the economic system of the country, as well as, the benefiting of both of the customers and the producers sides. The retail sector in India is expected to gross $427 billion by 2010 and $635 billion by 2015 (Moriarty, Ben-Shabat, Gurski, Padmanabham, Kuppuswamy, Groeber, 2007, p.9). India is, in fact, one of the fastest growing economies across the globe. Indias gross domestic product (GDP) is expanding at 7.5% every year, and the potential for further growth is forecasted to be 12% annually during the next decade (Prahalad, 2007). In 2006, the Economist Intelligence Unit surveyed 1,006 chief executive officers (CEOs) of international corporations (Kim, 2007). Among those CEOs surveyed, 89% expected that India would be connected to future growth for their businesses, as compared to 6% five years ago. Indian consumers have typically patronized small, traditional retail stores, similar to independently owned mom and pop-Small Buisness- stores in western countries. This is due to the high level of personalized service and the low-priced apparel products with low-cost tailoring offered by these small Indian stores (Sinha Banerjee, 2004). Rapid economic growth, spurred by multinational investments in India in the past five to seven years, has resulted in greater incomes for the booming Indian middle class. Disposable income in India is expected to increase at an average of 8.5% per annum until 2015 (Kulpati, 2006). Retailing is one of the largest industry in India and one of the biggest sources of employment in the country. Numerous business groups are attracted in the past few years, including some renowned business groups like Bharti, Future, Reliance, and Aditya Birla to establish hold, showing the future growth in times to come. In addition, organized retail sector has also grabbed the attention of foreign companies, showing their interest to enter India. After looking up these facts, the paper strategically analyzed the Indian retail Industry. The results of the study depict that infrastructure, economic growth and changing demographics of consumers are the major driver of organized retail in India. Recommendation It is recommended for every ill-developed nation to adapt to this organized retailing process to be able to commit change and evolution for the economic structure and system of the government, as well as the formulating of new opportunities of investments for the population to be hired and enrolled within the system.

Absorption and Variable Costing, Inventory Management

Absorption and Variable costing are very important tools for cost accounting. Both of these costing methods allow you to see the cost of your inventory, in a different way. For example the absorption method allows you to assign all costs to the product, while variable costing allows only variable costs to be assigned to the product. Inventory management is extremely important as well because it ties into efficiency and lowering your costs so that your company can be as profitable as it can in operations.Throughout this paper I will discuss the importance of both costing methods, how it is implemented as well as using the income statement for costing. Most companies don’t necessarily look at the costs of all departments; they break down the departments into separate entity’s called profit centers. The companies do this because by breaking down each department they can see if there are any problem areas that they should correct, involving the performance of the individual profit centers. To look at the overall company’s performance, most people find it useful to look at the income statement.However, this income statement is of little use for determining the viability of the individual business units or segments. Instead, it is important to develop a segmented income statement for each profit center. That is why these two costing methods have been developed. One of them is based on variable costing and the other is based on absorption costing. They are costing methods because they refer to the way in which product costs are determined. Product costs are inventoried; and they include direct materials, direct labor and overhead.Period costs are expensed in the period they are incurred. These are usually selling and administrative expenses or other expenses to run your company day to day. The one difference between the two costing systems is fixed factory overhead. Absorption costing is a costing system that assigns all manufacturing cost to the produce, including fixed factory overhead. Absorption costing includes direct materials, direct labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead. The four costs define the cost of the product. Under absorption costing, fixed overhead is viewed as a product cost, not a period cost.Fixed overhead is assigned to the product through the use of predetermined fixed overhead rate and is not expensed until the product is sold. Absorption costing has product costs of direct materials, direct labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead. While the period costs include just selling and administrative expenses. Variable costing assigns only the variable manufacturing costs to the product; these costs include direct materials, direct labor, and variable overhead. As you can see variable costing stresses the difference between fixed and variable manufacturing costs.Fixed overhead is than treated as a period expense and is excluded from the product cost. The reason for this is because fixed overhead i s a cost of staying in business. After the period is over, any benefits provided by this capacity are expired and are not inventoried. Fixed overhead of any period is than seen as expiring in that period and is charged in total against revenues for the period. The product costs for variable costing include direct materials, direct labor and variable overhead. The period costs include fixed overhead, and selling and administrative expenses.Now we move onto the relationship between the variable costing income and the absorption costing income. The relationship changes as the production and the sales change. If you sold more than was produced, variable costing income is greater than the absorption costing income. But if you sold more than you produced that would mean that you were selling the beginning inventory and units produced. Under the absorption method, the units that are coming out of the inventory have the fixed overhead from the period attached to the inventory.So the amount of the fixed overhead expensed by absorption costing is greater than what the current period’s fixed overhead by the amount of fixed overhead flowing out of the inventory. The variable costing income is greater than the absorption costing by the amount of fixed overhead coming out of the beginning inventory from the current period. But if the production and the sales are equal than there is no difference between the two reported incomes. The income relationship is consider to be that if production is greater than sales than the absorption income is reater than the variable income. But if the production is less than the sales than the absorption income is less than the variable income. So than if the production equals the sales than the absorption income is also equal to the variable income. The differences between the absorption and variable costing are the recognition of when the expenses are occurred. The recognition of the expenses associated with the fixed factory overhea d. With the absorption costing, the fixed factory will than be assigned to the units produced.This actually presents two problems, first, how do we convert the factory overhead applied on the basis of direct labor hours or the machine hours into factory overhead applied to the units produced? Also, what is than done when actual factory overhead does not equal applied factory overhead? Now we move onto the variable costing and the segmented income statements. The variable costing is a useful tool in preparing a segmented income statement because it gives us useful information on the variable and fixed expenses. A segment can be considered a division, department, product lines, customers class among other things.In the segmented income statements, the fixed expenses are broken down into two categories; direct fixed expenses and the common fixed expenses. The additional subdivision highlights controllable versus the non-controllable costs and than enhances the manager’s ability to evaluate each segment’s contribution to the overall firms performance. The direct fixed expenses are the fixed expenses that are directly traceable to a segment. They are sometimes referred to as avoidable fixed expenses, because they disappear if the segment is eliminated.Two or more segments jointly cause common fixed expenses. These expenses persist even if one of the segments to which they are common is eliminated. The segment margin is a profit contribution that each segment makes toward covering a firm’s common fixed costs. The segment should be at least able to cover both of its own variable costs and direct fixed costs. A negative segment margin drags the firm’s total profit down. Segment income statements are useful in management decision-making. The reason so is so that you can run your company at the most efficient level, while raising your profit margin.This is a very interesting topic because it helps show the importance of inventory control and how it affects your operating income. The inventory management is very key to a company. The reason for this is because when your costs are to high and your profit margin is too low than there is probably a reason of your inventory being to high or the overhead being to high. The stress of inventory management cannot be understated for many companies but especially manufacturing companies. Apart from the product cost of the inventory, there are other types of costs that relate to inventories of raw materials, work in process, and the finished goods.Inventory must be bought, received, stored, and moved. The inventory related costs include the demand for a product that is known with near certainty for a period of time. Two major costs are usually associated with this, if the inventory is purchased from an outside source, then the costs are referred to as ordering costs and carrying costs. If the product is produced internally, then the costs are called setup costs and carrying costs. Ordering costs are the costs to place and receive the order. Carrying costs are costs of keeping the inventory in your warehouse or store.There also can be a third categories, which includes stock out costs, which are the costs of not having a product available when demanded by the customer or the cost of not having a raw material available when needed for production. A company that uses these types of costing methods will definitely have a better grasp of the costs associated with their products. This will help a company become more efficient and have a better idea of which product is making the most money and which product is making the least amount of money.Yet again, this is not used for your company as a whole usually but it is used for each product individually. So if I had a red yoyo and a green yoyo and was selling a lot of each and equal than I would break them down individually between red and green and possibly see that the green yoyo is more expensive a product and there fore I would either have to sell it at a higher prices (even though it is exactly the same product except the color), or I would have to stop selling the green yoyo and just sell the red yoyo.In order to run any type of company a manager must show extreme care to the inventory management, because you can have the best selling product on the market but if your not efficient enough with your inventory than you may put a huge damper on the future of your company and not allow your company to grow properly. I think if managers use all of these techniques they will have better understanding of there company and how to exercise the correct inventory management.

Case Study Assessment of Angling Experience

Case Study Assessment of Angling Experience Question 1: Define and discuss using relevant example from the case, the special characteristics of services that distinguish them from tangible products. Services are one type of products with several special characteristics which are really different with tangible products. The major special features of services are more intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability, and perishability. Those characteristics are also reflected in John’s case. 1. 1 IntangibilityCompare with the tangible products’ tangibility, the main characteristic of services is intangibility which was shown through a set of actions. Intangibility characteristic of service describes that services cannot be seen, felt, tasted, or touched thus one cannot display or store the service. However, it is usually felt by tangible goods or physical evidence. Moreover, service cannot be inventoried, easily patented, and easily displayed or communicated. From Johnâ€℠¢s case, John gives his customers guide of fishing and a series of fishing itinerary.These all are the intangible things to anglers. It cannot be touched, felt, or seen by his customers. However, his customers enjoyed their tours and gain fishes after his guiding. Thus, this can be said that customers got John’s services. Compared with his services business, John used to be selling the tangible goods, either the rods, artificial flies or oilskins the department sold are tangible. Moreover, because of the intangibility, pricing John’s services is difficult. Compared with physical goods, pricing services are not easy. Same tangible goods also sold with a same price.In this case, the two couples got different price after serviced. It seems that they gained a same series of services, but the feelings and appraisals are different. 1. 2 Heterogeneity Heterogeneity concerns the potential for high variability in the performance of services (Bitner et al. , 2009). Contrast to s ervice, tangible goods is standardization. Most of a type of physical goods is produced by one product line. There are no major differences among each one of them. However, like two leaves, there are not two same services processes.Providers’ performances are not same every time, and the customers’ requirements are not same too. In detail, service delivery and customer satisfaction depend on employee and customer action, and also some uncontrollable factors. In our case, when John worked in the fishing department, he wondered at how each piece of fishing equipment in a product line varied so little. It shows that tangible products are standardization. However, then, John provided services to two couples, and got the distinct result. First couple was very satisfaction, and second couple was unhappy, though John was same hard working.The different based knowledge, objectives and nature conditions determines the different results. The first couple have a good knowledge an d experience of fishing, they enjoy in fishing. However, the second couple was the fist time fishing and their purpose was to relax and see the country. Moreover, the weather was great during the first time, but worst during the second time. Those factitious and uncontrollable elements influenced John’s two services processes. 1. 3 Inseparability Inseparability of production and consumption involves the simultaneous production and consumption which characterizes most services.Compare with goods are first produced, then purchased, and then consumed, services are first booked, then produced and consumed simultaneously (Carmen & Langeard, 1980). It seems like that customers and employees affect each other. In this case, we can know that because of the high degree of adaptability of the first couple, John interact well with them. However, another two anglers gained the unsatisfied service because of their bad communication. All customers and employees even the partial customers p lay an important role in whole process because services’ inseparability.Furthermore, because of this feature of services, mass production is difficult. The production and consumption are simultaneous. Hence, John lost a group of anglers in December due to he cannot service two groups in a same time. 1. 4 Perishability The final characteristic of service is perishable. Tangible goods could be stocked, contrast by services cannot be saved, stores, resold or returned (Valarie & Dwayne, 2009). In this case, John used to promoted department’s inventory system and just keep the rod that can be sold later. It shows that physical goods can be stored. However, John can not saved his services and provide it later.So, he lost a group of customers in December. Hence, the service is very different with the tangible goods. By these characteristics, some problems are discussed next question. Question 2: Explain, using examples how the problems stemming from the special characteristic s of services are impacting on John’s guiding services. 2. 1 In General Due to the four characteristics of services, some problems are derived. Some problems are unavoidable and some of them can be avoidable. The problems generate from intangibility including hardly controlling, easy to be copied and unable to evaluate the quality.Heterogeneity causes problem about quality measurement. Inseparability not allows mass production of service. Moreover, perishability makes return or resold of service impossible. Several of these problems impact on John’s guiding service as well. 2. 2 Problems Created by Intangibility Intangibility shows the following marketing problems. Firstly, services cannot be stored, thus when requires reach the peak or foot it is hard for managers to control. Secondly, services are so difficult to be patented that it is convenient for its competitors to duplicate them.Thirdly, customers are not able to realize the quality of service because service is invisible and cannot be touched. John’s new guiding service is not easy to store. Thereof, during December there was a peak period of fly fishing and John are not qualified to provide efficient service. On contrary, in the next two week of November there were no customers visiting Tasmania for chasing trout. Since John provides guiding service, he cannot remove December's service to November. It is beyond the scope of his control. The guiding service that John operates is easy to be imitated.There is another fishing guide who ran in Launceston. The service it provides is similar with John’s. This is a threat to John. The market share for John in Australia is cut down. Furthermore, the feature of intangibility determines the service value is hard to be understood by consumers. John’s guiding service is not an exceptional. Customers have no idea what a guiding service is. The marketing manager of a large sporting equipment retailer in North America would not know what a guiding service is if John did not send him the information about this service. 2. 3 Problems Created by HeterogeneityThe most severe challenge that heterogeneity creates is difficulty of quality measurement. Since criteria for judging the quality of service is based on customers’ notion, managers are not possible to control it. In the case, there was an American couple who are both good anglers. They have more fishing experience than John. In this trip, John learned more from this experience and the couple also had a great time. They even pre-booked another two weeks for the next fishing season. It is just because the American couple thought this trip was so wonderful that they measured this service is worthwhile.However by November, the Canadian's week of trout fishing is no that smooth. It became less happy because of lacking experience of fly fishing causes few landed trout and entire week raining. Even worse, one of the customers sprained an ankle. In these two e vents John provided the same service however he received different results. John cannot ensure whether his supplies are original. In December John introduced the New Zealanders to another fishing guide in Launceston. This increased the chance of heterogeneity because different suppliers are not possible to offer the exactly the same services. Take the health industry for instance.Several suppliers provide a same kind of service, nevertheless consumers’ perception is different. Some customers consider it as good service whereas another do not satisfied with it. This is because different provider’s service is distinctive due to the nature of human beings. 2. 4 Problems Created by Inseparability According to Zeithaml, Dwayne and Gremeler, because services often are produced and consumed at the same time, mass production is difficult (2009). The service producers generate service and the service is consumed by customer at the same time, therefore service is impossible to b e produced in large amount.The consumers who John received accepted his service while he provided it. It is absurd that John created services such as airport picking up and dropping off first then the customers enjoyed them. For example, the helicopter sent an urgent fax to John informed him that they were not available until after mid-February. It frustrated John that he was not able to transport his clients to the best fishing area. In addition, for John it is inconvenient for him when he has several customers to pick up or drop off. It is typical in November, John received two contacts that require a fly fishing in the first week of December.The worse thing is that neither of the customers could change their original arrangement. John could not separate his services. 2. 5 Problems Created by Perishability The factor of perishability leads to the problem that service cannot be returned. Service is consumed at the same time when it is manufactured, thereby once the service is provi ded it cannot be returned or resold. In November, two Canadian customers who were doing fishing for relax received an unhappy experience. Lacking experience of fly fishing they landed few trout. The entire week’s heavy raining prevented them from lake fishing.Moreover, one of the anglers sprained an ankle while crossing wet rocks. Even though John understood that the Canadian did not enjoy their fishing trip, he had no way to go back. John cannot take the service back because time cannot be reversed. For instance, customers who have an ugly haircut cannot ask the barber to undo it, because the service of haircut is perished (Clemes, 2002). 2. 6 Problems Difficult to Avoid Due to the problems derived above, gaps generate naturally. Customer Gap Customer gap appears because of the distance between customers’ expectation and perception.Customers have their own expectations based on their experience and objectives. In this case, the Canadian customer who came to Australia for relax do not have the experience of fly fishing. They consider the service could offer them a wonderful time. However, the insufficient experience of fishing made them catch few trout. Adding the bad weather and the injury, the Canadian dissatisfied with the trip and request a reduced charge. This gap is relatively huge and John needs to improve his service. Provider Gap Firstly, John serves his customer by the same way.For the fishing skillful couple and unskillful people, John took the same measure. Secondly, John not communicated well with its customers. The customers who chose his service in the first week of December were transferred to another service provider. The problems presented above are the major reason why John’s business went down. In conclusion, because of the special features of service, there are several problems should be considered and solved. Marketers of services face some actual and distinctive challenges which should be solved by the utilization of marketing mix.Question 3: Explain how John could use the extended marketing mix elements to help manage the problems caused by the special characteristics of services. The question 2 mentioned some problems caused by the special characteristics of service. Marketers like John could use the marketing mix to manage those problems and plan a whole strategy of their business. The traditional marketing mix will help John to manage the problem from production, place, promotion, and price (Kotler & Armstrong, 2006). Because of intangibility characteristic and the limitations of John’s service, he can add both tangible products and services in his business.For example, he could be the agent between his customers and fishing departments. Then, customers can purchase fishing equipments which are fit to them, because John known them clearly. Moreover, due to intangible and perishability of service, John’s promotion ways are not enough. John can exploit more methods like put some advertising in the relevant websites, sponsor fishing competitions and some things like that. However, because of the distinct features of service, the traditional marketing mix can not cover all problems. It extended three more elements which are people, physical evidence, and process (Booms & Bitner, 1981) . 1 People People element is defined as all human actors who play a part in service delivery and thus influence the buyer’s perceptions in the service environment. Thus, customers, employees, and the customers in the service environment all play the important roles (Bitner et al. , 2009). With use this element, John can do following things to manage those problems. First, because John just has himself as an employee, he lost some opportunities. Then, John need employ more employees to help him supporting his business. After that, because guiding service is a high skill service, John should train his employees.John also can bring a reward system based on the satisfaction of employees to avoid the problems of service quality. Another role, customers, also draws marketers’ attention. Marketers should education their customers before provide service. Because guiding service need customers’ deeper involvement, John could send a video of basic knowledge and potential risk of his services to his customers. Then, they can interact better. 3. 2 Physical evidence Physical evidence is the cue that customers depend on to assess the quality of service and service providers to put forth their significant information (Lovelock, 2004).As John’s guiding service, it already had some physical evidence. However, there are still some limitations as mentioned before. Firstly, John needs to increase all kinds of materials that reflect his guided trip. Thus, customers will maximally understand his service. For example, John should enrich his website. He could upload some videos about guided fishing trips. Potential customers can be divided into two se ctions as experienced customer and inexperienced customer. For those experienced customers, the information should be about new fishing areas or new activities.For the inexperienced customers, it should provide skills or equipment for fishing. Secondly, it is suggested that John needs to have his own transporting vehicles to send customers. One side is to avoid the situation of lacking hiring sources, the other side is to fit different customers’ need. For instance, if the customers who require a short trip then John could provide them cars to go fishing. Sometimes, customers have their vocation that they get plenty of time sailing is a perfect option. Furthermore, for these long distance customers and money is not a problem for them aeroplane is chosen to send them to the best fishing area.In this way, the customer gap could be narrowed since their needs are fulfilled. Lastly, John could provide some souvenir after trips. Thus, customers may actually realize what they have o btained from the service. 3. 3 Process Process is the actual procedures, mechanisms, and flow of activities by which the service is delivered (Zeithaml, Bitner & Gremler, 2009). John could use blueprint to depict the service process. By using the blueprint, John may find out the customer segmentation. For example, John may categorize consumers as experienced ones and inexperienced ones.Then John could offer two different processes for each group. For the experienced ones, John could present a more customized process which customers could choose their favorite rod and apply their own ways of fishing. As for the immature consumers, John should provide them a standardized process. It may offer the same rod for customers and consumers have to stay in a specified area. John also needs to educate his customers especially the inexperienced customers. He could hire a fishing coach to instruct anglers the procedure of fishing. Through this way, unskillful clients will not fish blindly. 3. 4 ConclusionService as intangible products distinguishes from physical goods. Besides the traditional four Ps, the three Ps are mainly used to enhance service. John’s guiding service may become prosperous if he makes use of the three Ps. Word Count: 2496 Reference List 1. Boom, B. , & Bitner, M. , 1981, â€Å"Marketing Strategies and Organizational Structures for Service Firms†, Marketing of Services, 1981 2. Carmen, M. , & Langeard, E. , 1980, â€Å"Growth Strategies of Service Firms†, Strategic Management Journal, January-March, 1980 3. Clemes, M. , 2002, New Zealand Case Studies in Strategic Marketing, 5th edition, Dunmore Press, New Zealand . Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. , 2006, Principles of Marketing, 12nd edition, Pearson Education Inc. , New Jersey 5. Lovelock, C. , & Wirtz, J. , 2004, Services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy, 5th edition, Pearson Education, Singapore 6. Zeithaml, V. , Bitner, M. , & Gremler, D. , 2009, Service Marketing, 5th edition , McGraw Hill, Singapore 7. Zeithaml, V. , Parasuraman, A. , & Berry, L. , 1985, â€Å"Problems and Strategies in Services Marketing†, The Journal of Marketing, Spring, 1985 8. http://www. docstoc. com/docs/16690264/GOODS-AND-SERVICES/, Accessed at 20th, Apr, 2009